What does ADHD mean? Learn about attention deficit disorder (ADD) and attention deficit disorder (ADHD) in this informative article.

ADHD, or attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, is a common disorder of neurodevelopment that affects both children and adults. It is characterized by a persistent pattern of lack of attention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that affects the functioning and quality of life. People with ADHD usually have difficulty paying attention, organizing and controlling their impulses.

• Lack of attention: people with ADHD find it difficult to focus on tasks, and are often distracted easily or forget about something. They have a hard time maintaining attention, especially in activities that require mental effort or that do not provide immediate rewards.
• Hyperactivity: individuals with ADHD tend to be excessively active, to be constantly restless, twisting or moving. They may have trouble staying and find it difficult to participate in activities that demand calm or tranquility.
• Impulsivity: Impulsivity is a key characteristic of ADHD, which leads individuals to act without thinking about the consequences. They can interrupt others, have difficulty waiting for their turn and participate in risk behaviors without taking into account the possible consequences.

ADHD affects approximately 5-10% of children around the world, which makes it one of the most common neuroconductual disorders among young people. However, it is essential to point out that ADHD is not limited to childhood, since many individuals continue to experience symptoms in adolescence and adulthood. The exact cause of ADHD is unknown, but it is believed that a combination of genetic, environmental factors and differences in brain structure contribute to its development.

The diagnosis of ADHD requires an exhaustive evaluation carried out by a healthcare professional. Symptoms must be present in multiple environments, such as home, school or work, and significantly affect daily functioning. Effective ADHD treatment options may include behavioral therapy, medication or a combination of both. Early detection and intervention are crucial for people with ADHD to control their symptoms and improve their general wel l-being.

What is ADD ADHD: Understanding the Basics

Attention deficit (ADD) disorder is usually used to describe the unatthen subtype of the disease, while attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity (ADHD) refers to the hyperactive and impulsive subtype. However, it is important to note that many people with ADD also have symptoms of hyperactivity, and vice versa. TDA and ADHD terms are usually used interchangeably to cover the entire range of symptoms associated with the disorder.

• Lack of attention: people with ADHD can have difficulty maintaining attention, easily distracted by external stimuli or their own thoughts.
• Hyperactivity: individuals show excessive and often inappropriate levels of energy, which manifest as restlessness, nervousness and inability to remain seated for long periods of time.
• Impulsivity: individuals can act without considering the consequences, interrupting others or striving to wait for their turn in conversations or activities.

“ADHD is a complex medical disorder that requires exhaustive evaluation and treatment. It is not simply the result of laziness or lack of discipline.”

The diagnosis of ADHD/ADAH implies an exhaustive evaluation, normally carried out by a healthcare professional specialized in neurodevelopmental disorders. This evaluation may include the review of the medical history, the realization of interviews with the individual and his family, and the completion of symptom assessment scales.

Understanding the foundations of ADHD is crucial to provide the appropriate support and interventions to people affected by this disease. Recognizing symptoms and seeking professional help can significantly improve the quality of life of people with ADHD, allowing them to better face the challenges they face daily.

A Brief Overview of ADD and ADHD

ADHD and ADHD are diagnosed on the basis of specific criteria described in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5), a classification system widely used for mental diseases. According to the DSM-5, people with ADD have significant levels of lack of attention, while those suffering from ADHD experience a combination of lack of attention, hyperactivity and impulsivity.

• Lack of attention: unattended behaviors include difficulty maintaining attention, getting distracted easily, making mistakes for carelessness and having difficulty organizing and managing time.
• Hyperactivity: The symptoms of hyperactivity are manifested as excessive restlessness, agitation and difficulty in sitting or participating in activities. People with ADHD may also experience inner restlessness and a constant need for movement.
• Impulsivity: The impulsive behaviors observed in ADHD include acting without thinking, interrupting others, releasing answers and difficulty waiting for the turn in conversations or activities.

“ADD and ADHD can have an impact if gnifiable on academic performance, social interactions and daily routines. It is important to understand that these disorders are not simply the result of laziness or lack of discipline, but rather neurobiological conditions.

The exact causes of ADD and ADHD are not fully known, but research suggests that in their development a combination of genetic, environmental and neurological factors intervenes. Effective TDA and ADHD treatment usually involves a global approach that includes medication, behavioral therapy and educational support.

Characteristics and Symptoms of ADD and ADHD

Characteristics of ADD:

• Difficulty paying attention and staying concentrated in tasks or activities
• Frequently make mistakes for carelessness and not pay attention to details
• Difficulty organizing tasks and activities
• It is easily distracted and is forgotten
• Avoid or do not like tasks that require sustained mental effort.
• Difficulty following instructions and often seems not to listen to when it is spoken.

Characteristics of ADHD:

• Hyperactivity, such as frequently worrying, tapping with your hands or feet or twisting in the seat.
• Impulsivity, often interrupting others, releasing answers or acting without taking into account the consequences.
• Difficulty sitting or still, especially in situations that require it.
• Talk in excess and have difficulty waiting for your turn
• Participate in risky or dangerous behaviors without taking into account potential damage.
• Difficulty regulating emotions and experiencing intense humor changes.

It is important to note that, while ADD primarily manifests with symptoms of inattention, ADHD includes both attention difficulties and hyperactive-impulsive behaviors. Although these disorders can cause significant problems in various areas of life, early identification and appropriate interventions can greatly improve a person’s quality of life and overall functioning.

Diagnosing ADD and ADHD: The Evaluation Process

The evaluation process for ADD and ADHD usually begins with a thorough history review and physical examination. It is essential that healthcare professionals collect information about the person’s symptoms, their frequency, duration, and impact on daily functioning. This initial evaluation helps rule out any underlying medical conditions that may be causing similar symptoms and also provides valuable information about the individual’s overall health.

• Interviews with parents and teachers: Gathering information from parents and teachers is a vital component of the evaluation process. They can provide valuable information about an individual’s behavior, attention span, and social interactions in various environments.
• Behavioral Rating Scales: The use of behavioral rating scales can help assess the severity of symptoms associated with ADD and ADHD. These scales usually consist of a series of questions about specific behaviors and their frequency.

1. Continuous Performance Tests (CPT): CPTs are computerized tasks designed to measure an individual’s sustained attention and impulse control. These tests provide objective data about an individual’s ability to maintain attention and resist distractions.
2. Neuropsychological testing: This type of testing helps identify the cognitive strengths and weaknesses of people with ADD and ADHD. It evaluates various cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, and executive functioning.

During the evaluation process, it is important to consider the person’s medical and developmental history, as well as their social, emotional, and educational functioning. The use of a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals, educators and psychologists is often recommended to ensure a thorough evaluation and accurate diagnosis of ADD and ADHD.

Common Misconceptions about ADD and ADHD

1. Myth: ADD and ADHD are not real medical disorders.

Contrary to this belief, ADHD and ADHD are recognized as legitimate medical disorders by prestigious medical and psychiatric organizations, such as the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). These organizations have established diagnostic criteria and guidelines to define and diagnose TDA and ADHD, emphasizing the neurobiological base of these disorders. Research has systematically demonstrated that people with ADD and ADHD have clear differences in the structure and functioning of the brain compared to those that do not suffer from these disorders.

• Reality: ADHD and ADHD are neurodevelopmental disorders with a biological basis.
• Reality: ADHD and ADHD have wel l-defined diagnostic criteria.
• Reality: Research has demonstrated differences in the structure and brain function of people with ADHD and ADHD.

The Impact of Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on Daily Life

Children and adults with ADHD or ADHD often face challenges in various aspects of their daily life, including academic, social and occupational areas. In the academic field, people with these disorders can have difficulty concentrating on tasks, following instructions and completing jobs. This can lead to low academic performance and difficulties to continue participating in classroom activities.

Attention deficit (ADD) disorder and attention deficit disorder (ADHD) are neurodevelopment disorders characterized by difficulties in maintaining attention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. People who suffer from these disorders often have difficulties in the academic, social and labor aspects of their lives.

• Academic impact: Children and adults with ADHD or ADHD can have difficulty maintaining attention in the classroom, following instructions and completing tasks in time. This can lead to low academic performance and the need for additional educational support.
• Social impact: individuals with ADHD or ADHD may have difficulty controlling their impulses, interrupting others during conversations and maintaining adequate social interactions. These difficulties can hinder the formation of significant relationships and cause social isolation.

In addition to the academic and social challenges, the symptoms of ADD and ADHD can also affect a person’s working life. Attention and organization difficulties can affect productivity, time management and the ability to fulfill deadlines in the workplace. In addition, impulsivity and hyperactivity can hinder concentration during tasks and effective collaboration with colleagues.

1. Work Impact: Individuals with ADD or ADHD may experience difficulties with organization, time management, and productivity in their work environment. Symptoms such as impulsivity and hyperactivity can also affect collaboration and concentration.

It is important that people with ADD or ADHD receive appropriate support and interventions to mitigate the impact of these disorders on their daily lives. Educational accommodations, behavioral therapy, and medication are some of the strategies commonly used to help people manage their symptoms and improve their overall functioning.

Treatment Options for Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

One of the main therapeutic approaches for ADD and ADHD involves a combination of medications and behavioral therapies. Medications such as stimulants (e. g., methylphenidate) and non-stimulants (e. g., atomoxetine) are commonly prescribed to help increase attention span, reduce impulsivity, and decrease hyperactivity. It is important to note that medication should always be prescribed and supervised by a healthcare professional to ensure its safety and effectiveness.

Behavioral Therapies for ADD and ADHD

Behavioral therapies play a crucial role in the comprehensive treatment of ADD and ADHD. These therapies focus on teaching individuals specific skills and strategies to manage their symptoms and improve their overall functioning. Below are some common behavioral therapy approaches in the treatment of ADD and ADHD:

• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): This therapy aims to identify and modify negative thoughts and behaviors that contribute to inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Helps people develop coping mechanisms and problem-solving skills.
• Parenting skills training: Parenting skills training involves teaching parents effective strategies and techniques to control their children’s behavior. This therapy aims to improve communication between parents and children, improve disciplinary techniques and establish consistent routines.
• Social skills training: Social skills training focuses on teaching people appropriate social behaviors, such as listening, sharing, taking turns, and resolving conflicts. This therapy helps people develop positive relationships and improve their interaction with peers and adults.

“The combination of medication and behavioral therapies has been proven to be the most effective approach to treating ADD and ADHD. It is essential to individualize the treatment plan based on each patient’s unique needs and preferences.”

Additionally, lifestyle modifications, such as ensuring a structured environment, implementing organizational strategies, and incorporating regular exercise and healthy sleep habits, can also contribute to the overall management of ADD and ADHD symptoms. It is essential to work closely with healthcare professionals and develop a tailored treatment plan that addresses the specific challenges faced by people with ADD and ADHD.

Strategies for Managing ADD and ADHD

Educational strategies:

• Provide clear and concise instructions to improve understanding.
• Break tasks into smaller, more manageable steps to avoid overwhelm.
• Use visual aids, such as graphs or diagrams, to aid understanding.
• Encourage active participation and hands-on learning to maintain engagement.
• Establish a structured routine and schedule to maintain consistency.

Remember to create a supportive, non-judgmental environment that encourages learning and growth.

Behavioral strategies:

1. Implement a reward system to encourage desired behaviors and motivate people.
2. Use positive reinforcement, such as praise or small incentives, to recognize achievements.
3. Set clear rules and expectations and remind yourself of them when necessary.
4. Teach and practice self-regulation techniques, such as deep breathing or mindfulness exercises.
5. Encourage regular physical activity and exercise, as it can help reduce hyperactivity and improve concentration.

Always approach behavior management with patience, understanding, and constant reinforcement.

Pharmacological strategies:

For people with severe symptoms or when other strategies are insufficient, healthcare professionals may prescribe medication. It is important to note that the medication should be used under medical supervision and in conjunction with other control techniques.

It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate medication and dosage for individual needs.

Support and Resources for Individuals with ADD and ADHD

There are several types of support and resources available for people with ADHD and ADHD. An important aspect of support is educational interventions. School centers can play a crucial role when providing adaptations and adjustments to meet the needs of students with ADHD and ADHD. This may include provide extra time for tasks and exams, implement structured routines and use support technologies. It is also important that teachers and school staff receive training on students support strategies with these disorders.

• Special Education Services: Schools can have special education programs that provide individualized instruction and support for students with ADND and ADHD. These programs can offer specific interventions, reduced classes and specialized teaching techniques to meet the unique needs of these students.
• Behavioral therapy: behavioral therapy can be beneficial for people with ADHD and ADHD. This type of therapy helps people learn alternative behaviors and coping strategies to control their symptoms. It may imply the teaching of organizational skills, problem solving techniques and social skills.

1. Medication: In some cases, medications can be prescribed to help control the symptoms of ADD and ADHD. Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate and amphetamines, are often used to improve concentration and reduce hyperactivity. No n-stimulating medications, such as atomoxetine and guanfacin can also be prescribed.
2. Education and support for parents: parents of children with ADHD and ADHD can benefit from education and support to better understand their child’s disease and learn effective parenting strategies. Support groups, workshops and advisory services can provide valuable information and resources for parents.

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Author of the article

Dr.Greenblatt M.

Medical oncologist at the Robert Larner College of Medicine, MD, at the University of Vermont