The intestinal blocking, also known as intestinal obstruction, refers to a partial or complete obstruction of the intestines that prevents the normal passage of waste and liquids. This condition can occur both in the small intestine and in the bulk and usually require immediate medical care. Intestinal obstructions may be due to various factors, such as mechanical obstructions, functional obstructions and adhesions.
- Mechanical obstructions: These obstructions occur when there is a physical block that prevents the passage of waste through intestines. The most common causes are tumors, hernias, retained feces or foreign objects. This type of obstruction requires rapid intervention to relieve blockage and restore the normal functioning of the intestine.
- Functional obstructions: unlike mechanical obstructions, functional obstructions occur when there is an interruption in normal muscle contractions that drive waste through intestines. Affections such as intestinal pseudoobstructure, Volvulo or Hirschsprung disease can cause functional intestinal obstructions.
- ADHERENCES: Adhesions are fibrous bands of scar tissue that are formed between abdominal tissues and organs. They can develop after an abdominal surgical intervention or an inflammation of the abdomen. Over time, adhesions can cause intestines to twist or bend, causing obstruction.
The symptoms of an intestinal obstruction may vary depending on the location and severity of the obstruction. The most frequent signs are intense abdominal pain, swelling, vomiting, constipation and inability to expel gases or defecate. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is crucial that you seek medical attention immediately, since an intestinal obstruction can cause serious complications such as tissue damage, infection or even intestinal perforation.
- Understanding Blockage in the Bowel
- Symptoms and Causes
- Symptoms
- Causes
- Types of Bowel Blockage
- 1. Mechanical Blockage
- 2. Functional Blockage
- Diagnosis and Screening for Bowel Obstruction
- Treatment Options and Procedures for Bowel Blockage
- Complications and Risks
- Preventing Bowel Blockage
- Eating a High-Fiber Diet
- Staying Hydrated
- Regular Exercise
- Living with a Bowel Blockage
Understanding Blockage in the Bowel
Causes: There are several potential causes of obstruction in the intestine, the most common being the mechanical obstruction caused by a physical barrier in the intestines. This may be due to factors such as adhesions (scar tissue), hernias, impacted tumors or feces. Functional obstruction, also known as paralytic ileus, occurs when normal muscle contractions that drive the material through intestines fail. This may be due to factors such as surgery, certain medications, electrolytic imbalances or inflammation.
- Types of obstruction:
- Obstruction of the small intestine: in this type, obstruction occurs in the small intestine, which is responsible for absorbing food nutrients.
- High intestine obstruction: This type implies a blockade in the large intestine, also known as colon. This can lead to the accumulation of feces, which causes various symptoms.
- Abdominal pain: cramps or constant pain in the abdomen can be an early sign of intestinal obstruction.
- Constipation: The difficulty in defecating, the infrequent deposits or the inability to empty the intestines can completely indicate an obstruction.
- Nausea and vomiting: These symptoms can occur due to the accumulation of food and digestive juices above the obstruction.
- Swelling and distension: The abdomen may appear swollen or distended as a result of the obstruction.
- Changes in bowel movements: Some people may experience diarrhea or loose stools, while others may lack bowel movements altogether.
- Adhesions: Scar tissues that form after surgeries or infections can cause the intestines to stick together, causing a blockage.
- Tumors: Benign or cancerous tumors in the intestines can obstruct the normal flow of contents.
- Hernias: When a section of intestine protrudes through a weakened area of the abdominal wall, it can become trapped and cause a blockage.
- Intestinal torsion or volvulus: A loop of intestine can twist on itself, causing an obstruction and cutting off the blood supply to the affected area.
- Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Conditions such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis can cause inflammation and narrowing of the intestines, leading to an obstruction.
- Tumors or neoplasms: Benign or malignant growths in the intestines can narrow the passage and cause an obstruction.
- Adhesions: Scar tissue from previous surgeries or infections can form bands that constrict and block the intestines.
- Hernias: The protrusion of an organ or tissue through a weakened area of the abdominal wall can cause an obstruction.
- Intussusception: Occurs when one segment of the intestine enters another, causing an obstruction.
- Paralytic ileus: This condition occurs when the muscles in the intestines do not contract properly, often due to surgery, medication, or electrolyte imbalances.
- Volvulus: Twisting or twisting of the intestines can cause a functional blockage.
- Ogilvie syndrome: This rare condition causes a condition similar to a mechanical obstruction, but without a physical obstruction.
- X-rays: X-rays allow healthcare professionals to evaluate the presence of air-fluid levels, gas distension, or dilation of intestinal loops, which are indicative of possible obstruction.
- Computed tomography (CT): This non-invasive imaging technique provides cross-sectional images of the abdomen, allowing detailed evaluation of the intestines. Helps identify the cause, location and extent of intestinal obstruction.
- Ultrasound: Ultrasound is commonly used to evaluate the abdominal organs, including the intestine. It can help identify the location and nature of the obstruction, and is especially useful in pregnant patients or patients with radiation problems.
- Physical examination: The health care professional will palpate the abdomen, listen to bowel sounds, and conduct a thorough evaluation of the patient’s symptoms and medical history.
- Blood tests: Blood samples are taken to measure electrolyte levels, evaluate for signs of infection or dehydration, and rule out other possible causes of abdominal pain.
- Intestinal rest: In less serious cases, doctors can recommend a period of intestinal rest, which consists in avoiding food and taking only liquids or intravenous nutrition for a given period. This allows the intestine to rest and reduce inflammation.
- Intestinal decompression: Intestinal decompression is a procedure that consists of inserting a fine tube called nasogastric probe through the nose or mouth to the stomach or intestines. This probe helps relieve pressure in the intestine and eliminates excess air and liquid.
- Medication: certain medications, such as laxatives or feces softeners, can be prescribed to help soften and expel feces, favoring the intestinal movement.
- Enema: An enema is a procedure in which a liquid is injected into the rectum to stimulate intestinal movement and eliminate obstruction. It can be used to relieve fecal impact or mild obstructions in the rectum or at the bottom of the colon.
- Intestinal resection: In cases where obstruction is due to a serious condition, such as a tumor or stenosis, surgical intervention may be necessary. Intestinal resection consists in removing the affected portion of the intestine and reconnecting healthy ends.
- Colostomy or ileostomy: in certain cases, when it is not possible to reconnect the healthy ends of the intestine, a temporal or permanent colostomy or ileostomy can be performed. This procedure is to create an abdomen opening to divert feces to an external bag.
- Dilatation of intestinal stenosis: In the case of narrowing or intestinal stenosis, a procedure called dilation with ball can be performed. It consists of carefully stretching the narrated area with an inflatable ball to improve the flow of the feces.
- Excessive thirst
- Boca and dry lips
- Dar k-colored urine
- Decreased diuresis
- Muscle cramps
- Weakness
- Nausea and vomiting
- Irritability
- Choose bread, cereals and comprehensive paste instead of refined.
- Include a variety of fruits and vegetables in your meals.
- Opt for legumes such as beans, lentils and chickpeas.
- Itchs nuts and seeds.
- Doing gentle exercise, such as walking or yoga, can help stimulate intestinal motility and promote regularity.
- Taking prescription pain relievers, if necessary, can relieve abdominal pain and discomfort associated with an intestinal blockage.
- Applying heat to the abdominal area, either through a hot towel or heating pad, can temporarily relieve pain and swelling.
- Persistent or worsening severe abdominal pain.
- Distended abdomen accompanied by vomiting
- Significant weight loss
- Blood in the stool or dark, tarry stools
Important information: immediate medical care is crucial if you suspect that there is an intestinal obstruction. A late treatment can cause complications such as the death of the tissue, an infection or perforation. Always consult a healthcare professional to obtain a precise diagnosis and proper treatment.
Treatment: The therapeutic approach of intestinal obstruction depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the obstruction. In some cases, no n-surgical interventions such as intestinal rest, medication or use of a nasogastric probe can be enough. However, surgical intervention, such as intestinal resection or removal of obstruction, may be necessary if obstruction is serious or if no n-surgical methods fail to relieve symptoms.
Treatment options | Description |
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Intestinal rest | It consists of the temporal restriction of oral intake to allow the intestine to recover and reduce inflammation. |
Medication | Certain medications, such as laxatives or procinetic agents, can help stimulate intestinal movements and relieve obstruction. |
Surgery | In cases where no n-surgical interventions are not effective, surgery may be necessary to eliminate obstruction or repair any underlying problem. |
Symptoms and Causes
Symptoms
The symptoms of intestinal obstruction may vary depending on the severity and location of obstruction. Some common symptoms are
Note: If you experience severe abdominal pain, fever, blood in your stool, or are unable to pass gas, it could be a sign of severe obstruction and you should seek immediate medical attention.
Causes
Intestinal obstruction can be caused by several factors, including
These are just a few examples of the many causes that can cause an intestinal obstruction. It is important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment if you experience symptoms that suggest an intestinal obstruction.
Types of Bowel Blockage
1. Mechanical Blockage
A mechanical blockage refers to a physical obstruction in the intestine, which prevents the passage of feces. This can be caused by a variety of factors, such as:
Important note: Mechanical blockages are usually treated with surgery to remove or bypass the blockage.
2. Functional Blockage
Functional blockage involves problems with the normal muscle contractions of the intestines, which interrupt the passage of stool. Some examples of functional intestinal blockage are:
Important note: Treatment of functional blockages focuses on addressing the underlying cause and restoring proper bowel function through medications, electrolyte management, or other non-surgical interventions.
Diagnosis and Screening for Bowel Obstruction
One of the main diagnostic tools used to identify intestinal obstruction is imaging studies. A combination of abdominal x-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and ultrasound can provide detailed images of the intestinal tract. These imaging techniques help visualize possible blockages, obstructions or abnormalities in the intestine.
A rapid and accurate diagnosis of intestinal obstruction can prevent adverse outcomes and guide appropriate treatment decisions.
In addition to imaging studies, healthcare professionals may also perform a physical examination to evaluate symptoms, gastrointestinal sounds, and the presence of abdominal distension. Blood tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC) and electrolyte levels, may be performed to evaluate general health and rule out other possible causes of abdominal pain or discomfort.
In general, an integral approach that includes a combination of image studies, physical examination and blood test is essential to accurately diagnose and detect intestinal obstruction. The timely diagnosis allows rapid intervention and the beginning of the appropriate treatment to relieve obstruction and restore normal intestinal function.
Treatment Options and Procedures for Bowel Blockage
1. No n-surgical interventions:
2. Surgical interventions:
Note: The treatment of intestinal obstruction may require a multidisciplinary approach in which gastroenterologists, surgeons, radiologists and specialized nursing personnel participate to ensure care and optimal results.
Complications and Risks
1. Intestinal drilling: One of the most serious complications of intestinal obstruction is intestinal drilling. This occurs when the obstruction exerts excessive pressure on the intestinal walls, which causes a breakage or tear. Intestinal perforation can cause peritonitis, a serious infection of the abdominal cavity, and may require emergency surgery to repair the damaged intestine. The first signs of intestinal drilling are intense and sudden abdominal pain, fever and increased heart rate.
“Intestinal drilling is a potentially deadly complication that requires immediate medical intervention.”
2. Dehydration and electrolytic imbalance: Another risk associated with intestinal obstruction is dehydration and electrolytic imbalance. When the obstruction prevents the passage of food and liquids through the intestines, it is possible that the body does not receive enough essential water and nutrients. This can cause electrolytic imbalances, such as low levels of potassium, sodium and blood chloride. Severe dehydration and electrolytic imbalances require immediate medical intervention to restore hydration and avoid subsequent complications.
Dehydration signs | Signs of electrolytic imbalance |
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3. Intestinal ischemia: prolonged intestinal obstruction can cause a condition called intestinal ischemia, characterized by inappropriate blood supply to the intestines. The lack of oxygen and nutrients can cause damage to the tissues and, if not, cause the death of the tissue (necrosis) and the perforation of the intestine. Intestinal ischemia is a medical urgency that requires immediate intervention to restore blood flow and avoid subsequent complications.
Preventing Bowel Blockage
Eating a High-Fiber Diet
A key aspect to prevent intestinal obstruction is to maintain a healthy fiber diet. The fiber brings volume to the feces and helps to move fluently through the intestine. Including a lot of fruit, vegetables, whole grains and legumes in the diet can provide the necessary fiber to favor regular intestinal movements and avoid the accumulation of waste that can cause obstruction.
To increase your fiber intake
Staying Hydrated
Another crucial factor in preventing intestinal obstruction is maintaining adequate hydration. Drinking an adequate amount of water helps soften stool and help it move smoothly through the intestines. It is recommended to consume at least 8 glasses of water per day, but individual needs may vary based on factors such as activity level and weather.
Tip: For those who have difficulty drinking enough water, incorporating herbal teas and consuming water-rich foods such as cucumbers, melons, and soups can help increase fluid intake.
Regular Exercise
Engaging in regular physical activity is not only important for overall health, but it can also help prevent intestinal obstruction. Exercise stimulates natural contractions of the intestines, known as peristalsis, which promote bowel movements. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week, such as walking, cycling, or swimming.
Living with a Bowel Blockage
1. Dietary modifications: When living with an intestinal obstruction, it is crucial to make certain dietary modifications to prevent further complications. A diet rich in fiber is often recommended as it can help soften stools and promote regular bowel movements. However, the type and amount of fiber can vary depending on the severity of the blockage. It is best to consult a healthcare professional or registered dietitian to develop an individualized eating plan. In some cases, it may be necessary to follow a low-fiber or even liquid-only diet to allow the intestine to rest and heal.
TIP: Increasing fluid intake is equally important to prevent dehydration and promote intestinal function. Drinking plenty of water and clear liquids can help soften stool and make it easier to pass through the blocked area.
2. Control symptoms: Intestinal obstructions can cause discomfort and pain, which can significantly impact quality of life. In addition to following dietary modifications, there are several strategies to control the symptoms associated with an intestinal obstruction. Over-the-counter laxatives or stool softeners may be recommended to relieve constipation and ease bowel movements.
3. Seek medical intervention: Although lifestyle modifications and symptom management techniques can sometimes relieve the symptoms of an intestinal obstruction, it is essential to seek medical intervention for proper diagnosis and treatment. If conservative measures fail to relieve the obstruction or if symptoms worsen, a healthcare professional may recommend more invasive treatment options, such as endoscopic procedures or surgery.
Signs that warrant immediate medical attention |
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Living with an intestinal obstruction can be difficult, but with proper treatment and medical support, people can find relief and improve their quality of life. It is essential to follow the advice and recommendations of healthcare professionals, as therapeutic approaches may vary depending on the specific cause and severity of the obstruction.
