Find out about precacerative cervical cancer, its risks and prevention strategies. Stay informed and take measures to protect your health.

Precancerous cervix lesions, also known as cervical dysplasia or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (NIC), refer to abnormal changes in cells that cover the cervix that have the potential to become cervical cancer if they are not treated. These lesions are mainly caused by certain types of human papillomavirus infections (HPV), particularly HPV types of high risk. Although not all precancerous lesions evolve to cancer, their presence shows the need for close monitoring and adequate medical intervention.

1. Classification: precancerous cervical lesions are classified into three main categories according to their severity: IAS 1, IAS 2 and IAS 3. CIN 1 lesions involve minor cellular anomalies, while CIN 2 and CIN 3 lesions indicate moderate anomalies to moderateSerious.
2. Screening and diagnosis: The newspaper of cervical cancer by Pap lake Orting or HPV DNA tests plays a crucial role in the detection of precancerous lesions. Pap smear test consists of collecting cervix cells and examining them at the microscope to detect any abnormal cell change. A more detailed evaluation may require a colposcopy, in which a healthcare professional uses a special instrument to visually inspect the cervix and detect any suspicious zone.

Did you know …? Precancerous cervix lesions are highly treatable, and early intervention is key to preventing cervical cancer. Periodic screening and immediate medical care significantly reduces the risk of progression of precancerous lesions to invasive cervical cancer.

Once a precaceral lesion is identified, adequate treatment strategies are used based on the severity and individual factors of each patient. The treatment options range from a close surveillance and tests of repeated Paps

Precancerous Cervical Cell Changes: Understanding the Risk

It is essential to recognize the risk factors that can contribute to the development of precancerous cellular changes in the cervix. A common risk factor is early age in the first sexual relationship. Maintaining sex at an early age increases the possibilities of contracting HPV, which can cause cellular anomalies in the cervix. Another important risk factor is the multiplicity of sexual partners. Having multiple couples increases the probability of coming into contact with HPV and developing cellular alterations in the cervix. In addition, a weakened immune system can hinder the body the elimination of HPV, which entails an increased risk of developing precancerous cells. Certain factors such as smoking, prolonged use of oral contraceptives and the history of sexually transmitted infections can also increase risk. “

Key points:

1. The precacellous cellular changes of the cervical cervical dysplasia are abnormal cell growth in the cervix that can become cervical cancer.
2. Persistent H P-types of hig h-risk HPV is a frequent cause of cervical cellular changes.
3. The early age of the first sexual relationship and having multiple sexual partners are important risk factors for the development of precancerous cells.
4. A weakened immune system, smoking, prolonged use of oral contraceptives and the history of sexually transmitted infections can also increase risk.

What are precancerous cervical cell changes?

The presence of precancerous cellular changes in the cervix is usually detected during routine vaginal cytology tests or by diagnostic follo w-up tests after an abnormal result of cytology. The main cause of these cellular changes is persistent infection by hig h-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a frequent sexually transmitted infection that affects both men and women and can cause the appearance of cervical cancer.

Important information:

• IAS1 is considered slight and is often resolved by itself without treatment.
• CIN2 is considered moderate and may require additional evaluation and treatment.
• CIN3 is considered serious and it is more likely to evolve to invasive cervical cancer if it is not.

It is important that women with precacellous cellular changes in the cervix are subjected to periodic controls and follow the recommended treatment plan to avoid the progression of these anomalies to cervical cancer. NIC treatment options vary depending on gravity and may include procedures such as electr o-surgical excision with ASA (LEEP), cone biopsy or cryotherapy.

In addition to adequate medical treatment, practicing safe sex, vaccinating HPV and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can also help reduce the risk of developing precancerous cellular changes in the uterine neck and cervical cancer.

Causes and risk factors for precancerous cervical cell changes

1. Human papillomavirus infection (HPV): The most important cause of precancerous alterations of cervical cells is hig h-risk HPV infection. HPV is a sexually transmitted infection, and it is known that certain strains of the virus increase the risk of developing cervical dysplasia. It is essential to keep in mind that not all HPV infections lead to precancerous changes, but persistent infection by high risk types can increase probability.

“Persistent infection with HPV high risk types is the main cause of precancerous changes in cervical cells.”

2. Weakened immune system: A weakened immune system can also contribute to the development of precancerous alterations of cervical cells. Conditions such as HIV/AIDS or the use of immunosuppressive medications can reduce the body’s ability to eliminate HPV infections, increasing the risk of cervical dysplasia formation.

3. Smoking: smoking tobacco has been identified as an important risk factor for precancerous alterations of cervical cells. The harmful chemical substances of tobacco smoke can damage cervical cells and interfere with the organism’s natural defense mechanisms, making it difficult to eliminate HPV infections.

4. Early sexual activity: Maintain sex at an early age, especially before 18 years, is associated with a higher risk of precancerous changes in cervical cells. The early exposure to HPV increases the probability of persistent infection and the subsequent development of cervical dysplasia.

1. “A weakened immune system can contribute to the development of precancer cervical cellular changes.”
2. “Smoking tobacco is a significant risk factor of precancer cervical cellular changes.”
3. “Early sexual activity, especially before 18, increases the risk of cervical dysplasia.”

Understanding the causes and risk factors of precancerous cellular alterations of the cervix is crucial to adopt preventive measures and perform early detection. Periodic screening, HPV vaccination and the adoption of a healthy lifestyle can help reduce risk and improve the results of people at risk of developing cervical dysplasia.

Signs and Symptoms of Precancerous Cervical Cell Changes

Abnormal vaginal bleeding: One of the most common signs of precancerous alterations of cervical cells is irregular bleeding. This may include bleeding between periods, after intercourse or menopause, or an increase in menstrual bleeding. It is essential to observe any change or anomaly in the menstrual bleeding patterns and inform a health professional for a more exhaustive evaluation and assessment.

• Pain during sexual intercourse: women who experience discomfort or pain during sexual intercourse can also have precancerous changes in cervical cells. This symptom, known as trigger, can occur due to inflammation or irritation of the cervix. It is important to deal with this problem with a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and proper treatment.
• Anomalous vaginal flow: Another sign of precancerous cellular changes in the cervix is abnormal vaginal flow. The flow can be aqueous, bloody or have a bad smell. Changes in color, consistency or the amount of vaginal flow should be consulted with a healthcare professional for a more thorough evaluation.

Note: It is important to remember that these signs and symptoms are not definitive indicators of precancerous changes in cervical or cervical cancer cells. They may also be due to other factors. An adequate diagnosis can only be performed by a qualified health professional through an exhaustive examination, which includes a vaginal cytology and other diagnostic tests.

Periodic cervical cancer reviews, such as vaginal cytology, are essential for early detection and treatment of precancerous cellular alterations of the cervix. These tests can identify abnormal cells before they become cancerous, allowing rapid medical intervention. Women should consult with their doctor the recommended frequency of cervical cancer detection tests based on their age, risk factors and medical history.

Diagnosis and Screening Methods for Precancerous Cervical Cell Changes

Cervical cytology, commonly known as a Pap smear, is the most widely used screening method to detect abnormalities in cervical cells. It involves collecting cells from the cervix and examining them under a microscope to detect any abnormal or precancerous changes. This simple, non-invasive test has been highly successful in reducing the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer.

• Vaginal cytology is most effective when performed regularly, usually every three years in women ages 21 to 65. It is recommended to start screening at age 21, even if the person is not sexually active.
• A positive Pap smear result may indicate the presence of abnormal cells, which often require further evaluation with additional tests such as colposcopy and biopsy.
• It is important to keep in mind that vaginal cytology is a screening test and not a diagnostic test. Therefore, it does not always provide a definitive diagnosis and can lead to false positive or false negative results.

In addition to cervical cytology, another commonly used screening method is the human papillomavirus (HPV) test. HPV is a sexually transmitted infection known to be the leading cause of cervical cancer. The HPV test detects the presence of high-risk types of HPV that are more likely to cause cervical cell abnormalities and cancer. Combined with vaginal cytology, HPV testing increases the accuracy of cervical cancer screening.

Treatment Options for Precancerous Cervical Cell Changes

When it comes to addressing precancerous cellular changes of the cervix, prompt and appropriate treatment plays a crucial role in preventing progression to cervical cancer. The choice of treatment depends on factors such as the severity of the cellular alterations, the patient’s age, her desire for future fertility and the presence of underlying diseases. Here we will explore various treatment options available to treat precancerous cellular alterations of the cervix, with the aim of providing insight into possible approaches to facilitate informed decision making with healthcare professionals.

1. Expectant management: In some cases, mild cellular alterations can resolve on their own without intervention. This approach, known as expectant management, involves close monitoring of cervical cells with frequent Pap smears or colposcopies. During this period, it is essential that women attend regular follow-up appointments and maintain good general health to optimize the chances of spontaneous regression of abnormal cells.

Note that expectant management is only appropriate in cases where cellular changes are mild and do not indicate an increased risk of progression to cervical cancer. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the appropriateness of this option based on individual circumstances.

2. Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP): LEEP is a common surgical technique used to remove abnormal cervical cells. It consists of using a fine wire loop heated by an electric current to remove the affected tissue. LEEP is usually performed on an outpatient basis and can be performed under local anesthesia. The goal of this procedure is to remove precancerous cells, allowing healthy tissue to grow back in their place. After LEEP, it is important to have regular follow-up appointments to monitor the health of the cervix and ensure that all abnormal cells have been removed correctly.

1. Before the intervention, the doctor may advise avoiding activities that can thin the blood, such as aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, for a week.
2. During the procedure, a fine wire loop is inserted into the cervix to remove abnormal tissue, and the area is then cauterized to control bleeding.
3. After LEEP, mild cramping, vaginal discharge, and spotting may occur, which is considered normal. However, it is important to contact a healthcare professional if severe pain, heavy bleeding, or abnormal discharge persists.

3. Cryotherapy: Cryotherapy is a non-surgical treatment option that involves freezing and destroying abnormal cervical cells. During the procedure, a probe is inserted into the vagina to freeze the cells, creating an ice ball. This freezing process destroys abnormal cells, allowing healthy tissue to regenerate. Cryotherapy is usually well tolerated and can be performed on an outpatient basis without the need for anesthesia.

Prevention and Lifestyle Changes to Reduce the Risk of Precancerous Cervical Cell Changes

Cervical screening: periodic cervical reviews, such as Pap smear tests or HPV tests, are crucial to detect any anomaly in cervical cells in an early phase. It is recommended that women begin to undergo periodic reviews from the age of 21 or in the three years after the beginning of their sexual activity, which happens first. These screening help identify precacellous cellular changes or the presence of hig h-risk human papillomavirus infections (HPV), the main cause of cervical cancer.

Note: Cervical reviews must be continued throughout women’s life, preferably at least every three years. Women 30 years or older can choose to combine a Pap smear test with a HPV test every five years. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional the appropriate screening calendar based on individual risk factors and medical history.

Practicing safe sex: the adoption of safe sexual practices, such as the use of condoms and the limitation of the number of sexual partners, can significantly reduce the risk of contracting HPV, the main risk factor of precancerous cellular alterations of the cervix. It is important to remember that HPV can be transmitted through any form of sexual contact, including oral, vaginal or anal sex.

1. Use of condoms: The systematic use of condoms correctly and throughout sexual activity can provide a significant level of protection against HPV infections. However, it is essential to keep in mind that condoms may not cover all areas potentially infected with HPV, such as the genital region.
2. Limit sexual partners: having multiple sexual partners increases the probability of getting into contact with HPV, thus increasing the risk of precancerous cellular changes in the cervix. Maintaining a lon g-term monogamous relationship or with abstinence can reduce the risk of HPV transmission.

Healthy lifestyle elections: maintaining a healthy lifestyle can also contribute to reducing the risk of precancerous changes in cervical cells.

• Avoid smoking: smoking has been closely linked to a greater risk of cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. Stop smoking or avoid exposure to secon d-hand smoke can significantly reduce the risk of developing these conditions.
• Choose a healthy diet: the consumption of a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables and integral cereals can favor a strong immune system and good general health. The adequate intake of essential vitamins and minerals, such as folate, vitamin C, vitamin E and bet a-carotene, is important to maintain cervical health.

Through the incorporation of these preventive measures and changes in lifestyle, women can take active measures to reduce the risk of developing precancerous cellular changes in the cervix and, ultimately, cervical cancer.

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Author of the article

Dr.Greenblatt M.

Medical oncologist at the Robert Larner College of Medicine, MD, at the University of Vermont